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KMID : 0381219820140040403
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Journal of RIMSK
1982 Volume.14 No. 4 p.403 ~ p.430
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A Study of the Effects of the Demographic Variables of the Family on the Psychological Variables of the Family
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Abstract
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The present study was intended to examine the characteristics of the variables regarding family structure, personal background of parents and psychological climate of the families, furthermore, to examine how the demographic variables of the family influenced the psychological climate within the Korean families.
Data were collected from Korean student population of 4,060 in junior and senior high schools, and colleges or universities (ages 12--21) through questionnaire survey, using three stage clustered random sampling method. The actual number of students used in the data analysis were 3,602(2,295 males and 1,307 females).
The collected data were processed by the CDC-174 computer at KIST, using the SPSS program. Statistical methods employed were X2 and multiple classification analysis. The results of the study are as follows:
1) In considering the structural variables of the families, the nuclear family type of 2,097households (61.0%) was by far greater than the extended family type consisting of 1,341 house holds(39.0%). Also, 1,468 households(42.7%) with 5 to 7 family members had the largest family size, followed by 1,014 households(29.5%) with 8 members, and 956 households. (27.8%) with less than 4 members, in descending order.3,022 families (87.9%) with both both biological parents living was greater in comparison to 416 families (12.17o) with either one of the parents being deceased or being a stepparent, or others. It was also shown that the family source of income by a male head of household (3,016 families: 87.8%) was greater than by a female head of household(422 families: 12.5%).
2) The level of education of the parents with 45.1%(father: 33.1%, mother: 57.2%) being
grade school graduates was the highest, followed by high school with 21.2% (father: 24.4%, mother: 18.0%), junior high school being 19.8% (father: 20.1%, mother: 19.5%), and junior college and university levels with 13.9%(father: 22.5%, mother: 5.3%), in descending order. Graduates of gradeschool were the highest. and it was shown that fathers had a higher education than did the mothers.
In considering faith, 48.0% of the parents(father: 57.9%, mother: 38.3%) was not of any
religious denomination. In cases where the parents had a certain faith, 35.2% (father: 27.9%, mother: 42.2%) believed in Oriental religions such as, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Cheondo
Kyo. Whereas, 16.8% (father: 14.2%, mother: 19.4%) believed in Catholicism and Christianity.
For Occupations of the fathers, technical careers were the highest with 36.6%, labor work or unemployment consisting 31.5%, clerical workers 16.1%, and Semi-prefessicnal and professional careers being 12.8%.
3) On the whole, child-rearing practices taken by the parents were mainly democratic, gave freedom, gentlely disciplinary attitudes, open-minded-ness, trusting in the child, and child-centered. Also, they placed importance in rewarding and praising the child for desirable behavior. The mother especially, more than the father, notably showed a more adequate and flexible attitude in the practice of rearing a child.
4) Both the structural variables of the family and personal backgrounds of the parents gave influence to the child-rearing practices ;by the father and mother. In other words, it was important in the practice of rearing a child to have flexibly and consistently democratic moral disciplinary practices, it was important for both biological parents to be living among the structural variables of the family, it was an important factors for both the father and mother to have faith in Occidental religions such as, Catholicism or Christianity. In addition, aside from the factors of both parents living and having an Occidental religion, the father´s occupation and family size also had influence upon the child-rearing practices of the parents. Thus, when the father´s occupation was engaged in professional or semiprofessional careers, the attitude of the child in being reared had adaptability and child-centeredness, showing democratic practice of trust in the child. On the other hand, in regards to the role of the mother, it was shown to have proper and desirable child-rearing attitude with larger family size (family size being 5 members or more).
5) The stability within the Korean families were determined by such aspects as family atmosphere, socioeconomic status, cooperation among family members, harmonized (harmcnious) views within the family, tension and conjugal harmony. In most families, these aspects had a tendency to be desirable and atable.
6) Both the structural variable of the family and personal background of the parents influenced the family stability. In other words, family stability was largely influenced according to the questions arising from the variables of the familly structure, such as, ´who is the source of family income´ and ´whether or not the biological parents are still living´. On the other hand, family stability differed according to the personal backgrcund of the parents by questions such as, ´what is the occupation of the father´ and ´what faith the father believes in´. Thus when the father was engaged in professional or semi -prof ess"cnal careers and when the socioeconomic status was maintained by some male similar to the
father, the family stability was very high. Also, the families were relatively stable if both parents were still living, and in cases where the father believed in an Occidental faith such as, Christianity.
7) In regards to the parent-child relationship within the Korean families, all showed satisfied association concerning respect by the child for parents´ ideas, parental for child´s opinions, parental devotion for their child, and parent-child contact. The personal background of the parents exercised influence on the parent-child relation; whereas, the family structure variables did not. Thus, even in the personal background of the parents, the maternal educ-etional level and the paternal faith had important influences. Stated otherwise, the parentchild relation was very content when the maternal educational level was high (hgher than high school level) and when the father was a Catholic or a Christian.
8) The familial satisfaction by memers of the korean families was one of high contentment shown by the fathers, mother, and youthful siblings. The family structure variables had influence on the family satisfaction of family members: whereas, the personal background of the parents did not. Thus, the family satisfaction of a family member differed according to the family structure variables such as, `upon who the family source of income was depedent´ and `how large the family size was´.
Stated otherwise, the family satisfaction by family member was high where a male, similar to the father maintained the family socioeconomic status and if the family size was small (family size being 4 or less).
In the conclusion of the above results, it was shown that among the demographic variables influencing the psychological climate of Korean families, living parents, parental, religious conviction, source of family income, paternal occupation, family size and maternal educational level and so forth, were important factors. Thus, when both parents were living and the father was engaged in professional or semiprofessional careers with the famiy source of income being dependent on a male, and when both parents believed in either Catholicism or Christianity, and if the family size was large, and finally, when the maternal educational level was above a high school graduate, these gave preferential influence to the psychological climate of the families.
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